Essay about The Civil Rights Movement in the USA - 1293 Words

The American declaration of independence stated, that: â€Å"All men are created equal†. But in the 19th century only whites were born with equal opportunities. Africans were imported as slaves and had to work on the fields of the whites. Until 1865 the Negroes were treated and looked at as something lower than human. They were compared to apes, and therefore just owned the same rights as animals. They were raised believing that whites were superior. It took them years to realize that they have to stand up for their rights. The uprising turned into a brutal civil war. After the war, the slaves were freed. The thirteenth, fourteenth and fifteenth amendment of the U.S. constitution prohibited slavery, discrimination and denegation of the right†¦show more content†¦This was considered illegal and Plessy got arrested. Plessy chose to fight his case in court, because the segregation laws violated the fourteenth amendment. Four years later, the case was brought to the Supreme Court. The justices ruled against Homer Plessy. Their decision was that segregation is legal as long as equal facilities were provided. Justice Henry Billings Brown summarized, The object of the [Fourteenth] amendment was undoubtedly to enforce the equality of the two races before the law, but in the nature of things it could not have been intended to abolish distinctions based upon color, or to endorse social, as distinguished from political, equality. . . If one race be inferior to the other socially, the Constitution of the United States cannot put them upon the same pl ane. This was the opinion of most Justices and the majority of the white population at that time. From this quote you can see how the people still believed that the races were not the same and had to be kept separate. This was considered normal in the court and in the social life. The fact, that the races were not treated equally, even though stated within the law, was ignored by the white population. The ruling of the Supreme Court in this case became law. It did not gain the Negros any more rights or equal opportunities. Still, it was the first step towards desegregation. It also made people realize that there was still injustice between the races. Justice JohnShow MoreRelatedThe Cold War Civil Rights Movement1660 Words   |  7 Pagesmind, their pride played a heavy factor in the determination of them reaching that goal or falling short. In many instances, the pride of many outweighed that of the main contributor and history was changed in the course of it. 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The historic showdown between James Meredith and the University of Mississippi gives perspective on the place of African-Americans

Role and Consequences of Investment

Question: Discuss about the Role and Consequences of Investment. Answer: Introduction: The reported paper reviews the existing economic structure of the Australian economy and the function of the Federal government to manage the proceedings. Through the identification of four specific economic indicators such as economic growth (GDP), the rate of unemployment, inflation and trade, an outline of the target values determined by the Federal government and the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) has been presented following the trends in the previous decade or so (Freebairn, 2007). By considering the targets values of the identified economic indicators, the existing macroeconomic policies of the RBA and Federal Government of Australia such as fiscal policy and monetary policy have been described in the limelight of economic environment (Capie, 2015). Moreover, the efficacy and suitability of the identified macroeconomic policies have been analysed in context to achieve the targets of the four identified economic indicators (Kuo, Lee and Fang, 2014). Apparently, at the end of t he discussion specific conclusion and recommendation have been drawn to achieve target values for the four identified economic indicators. Description of the four economic indicators The current economic structure of Australia can be identified through the four crucial economic indicators and their performance over the past ten years (Foster, 2015). Under the existing scenario, the RBA and Federal Government of Australia have an economic growth target of 3.3 percent to be precise. Also, the target for the rate of unemployment is below 5.7 percent. Furthermore, the rate of inflation has been targeted around 1 percent. Invariably, the targeted current account deficit consensus is AU$19750 million (Abs.gov.au, 2016). Figure: Australian the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (2006-2016) Source: (Abs.gov.au, 2016) According to data released by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), in 2015 the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Australia was registered worth US$1339.54 billion which is 2.16 percent of the global GDP. As shown in the above graph, since 2009, the GDP of Australia has been increasing in a staggered pattern posting the highest in 2013 (Abs.gov.au, 2016). Figure: Australian GDP Growth Rate Source: (Abs.gov.au, 2016) Also, as far as the GDP growth rate is concerned, the Australian economy is convincingly bouncing back. In the past four years, the revised GDP growth has shown improvement in the first quarter in 2016. The growth rate has been registered to be 1.1 percent QoQ basis whereas the YoY growth rate speeds up to 3.1% (Abs.gov.au, 2016). Figure: Australia Unemployment Rate Source: (Abs.gov.au, 2016) According to the target of the RBA and Australian government, the seasonally adjusted rate of unemployment has fallen to 5.7 percent as the revised data issued in July of 2016. In 2016, the Australian economy has added 26200 jobs (Abs.gov.au, 2016). Clearly, after 2008, the job market of Australia has seemed to pick up the pace creating more employments. Figure: Australia Inflation Rate Source: (Abs.gov.au, 2016) Under the current scenario, the inflation rate of 1 percent registered in June of 2016 is comprehensively the lowest since 1999 (Abs.gov.au, 2016). Unexpectedly, the CPI rose to a considerable margin in the last quarter of 2015 to 1.7 percent. Meanwhile, the current rate of inflation is in line with the RBA targets. Figure: Australia Trade Balance Source: (Abs.gov.au, 2016) Considering the Australian trade data, the trade gap has been registered as AU$2.41 billion in 2016. The trade gap has reduced due to rise in export by 3 percent to AU$26.42 billion in compared to import of AU$28.84 billion (Reserve Bank of Australia, 2016). Figure: Australia Total Gross External Debt Source: (Abs.gov.au, 2016) As shown in the graph figure, the total Gross External Debt in Australia has surged to AU$1941405 million in 2016 reaching all time high. Moreover, the data released by ABS has confirmed that the current account deficit is AU$15535 million in compared to the revised data of AU$14899 million in 2015 (Reserve Bank of Australia, 2016). Invariably, the consensus was AU$19750 million. Meanwhile, the trade data determines the value of Australian dollar which is equal to US$0.7678 each. Current macroeconomic policy in Australia and its effectiveness The government of Australia has focused on three primary economic objectives after the global financial crisis in the year 2008. The three primary economic objectives are to maintain domestic balance, external balance and financial growth in a single economic framework (Jonson, 2015). The macroeconomic policy of the government is used to minimise the influence of international trade downturn by controlling the demand and supply in the nation for a sustainable growth of the country (Treasury.gov.au, 2016). The macroeconomic goals of the Australian government are to seek high and balanced economic growth rates, lower inflation rate, lower unemployment, and maintain a stable and manageable Balance of Payments. Furthermore, the Australian Government aims to minimise recession in the regional market by controlling the demand and supply of commodities in various industries of the country. In order to achieve its macroeconomic goals, the authorised heads use two different macroeconomic tools known as monetary policy and fiscal policy. The monetary policy is used to control the supply of money in the Australian market. The Reserve Bank of Australia is responsible to maintain the monetary policy in the country. It mainly involves the setting of interest rates of loans in the money market. It helps to control the supply of money in the market and control investment on new projects (Connolly and Gustafsson, 2013). On the other hand, Fiscal Policy presents the government spending that are used to control inflation and unemployment rate in the nation. Along with that, the fiscal policy is also used to control the demand and supply of a commodity in the market that helps to control the price fluctuat ions (Smales, 2015). The decision of the fiscal policy is made by the Commonwealth Government after passing Bills. Furthermore, the Fiscal Policy is mainly used to stabilise the business cycle and control the economic balance. Hence, it can be seen that both of these macroeconomic policies work together to meet the challenges of economic development. It can be seen that the major issues for the Australian government is the growing population. It has been estimated that the population will increase by 15 million by the end of 2030. Hence, the population of the country is getting aged due to increase in the mortality rate in the nation. Hence, the Australian Government has made necessary changes in the taxation policy to support the changing needs of the aged population and seek a sustainable tax system (Donnelley, 2010). Furthermore, we can see a rise in the tax rate for younger population in the recent years that increases the governments earning, but reduces the investment opportunities of the people. Along with that, the Australian government has introduced subsidies and tax relief for the entrepreneurs investing in technological development (Pervaiz and Chaudhary, 2015). The fiscal policy for the new entrepreneurs has been introduced to enhance development and promote business opportunities in the country. Now, considering the monetary policy of the Australian Government, it can be seen that the Reserve Bank of Australia has reduced the interest rates from around 5 percent in the year 2010-11 to around 1.5 percent in the year 2015-16 (Reserve Bank of Australia, 2016). A diagram has been presented below for better understanding. Figure: RBA Interest Rate Source: (Global-rates.com, 2016) Hence, it can be seen from the above analysis that the Australian Government has made necessary macroeconomic reforms to improve the economic balance in the nation (Carmichael and Dews, 2007). Currently, a better economic growth can be evident in the country. Along with that, the unemployment rate has also decreased in the recent years as compared to the rates during the global financial crisis (Scutt, 2016). Furthermore, the country has been able to control the inflation rate after the global financial distress. Hence, it can be seen that the macroeconomic policy of the government of Australia was effective in achieving the economic goals of the country. Conclusion In the underlying section some of the crucial recommendations have been made to achieve the targets of GDP growth, unemployment, inflation and trade outcomes of the Australian economy. Cutting rate of interest under the Monetary Policy: Under the Monetary Policy of the Reserve Bank of Australia, interest rate cut can be an instrumental option to boost the Australian dollar. In this way, the government can support the employment, growth structure and trade outcomes in a successful way. Cutting tax rates under the Fiscal Policy: Similarly, tax rate cuts under the Fiscal policy measures can boost the Australian currency to reduce unemployment, rate of inflation and trade deficits in a considerable way. Improve Demand and supply side policies in Labour Market: Apparently, advanced demand and supply side policies must be enforced in the labour market so that structural unemployment can be reduced significantly controlling the rate of unemployment. Promote Government Subsidies: Last but not the least; by offering government subsidies, the domestic industries can contribute towards GDP growth in a substantial margin The above discussion can clarify the fundamental economic strength of Australian economy as the data evidence is quite magnificent for further growth perspective. Meanwhile, the global uncertainties and lack of industrial output have forced Australian economy towards financial threats. Understandably, the RBA and Federal government must identify the effects of global uncertainties on the GDP growth rate, unemployment structure, rate of inflation and trade outcomes. Also, the role of Australian dollar will be evident in this situation. Clearly, more strategic provisions and policy measures must be identified to achieve the targets related to the four recognised economic indicators. References Abs.gov.au. (2016).Australian Bureau of Statistics, Australian Government. [online] Available at: https://www.abs.gov.au/ [Accessed Sep. 2016]. Capie, F. (2015). Trust, Financial Regulation, and Growth.Australian Economic History Review, 56(1), pp.100-112. Carmichael, J. and Dews, N. (2007).The role and consequences of investment in recent Australian economic growth. Canberra: Australian National University. Centre for Economic Policy Research. Connolly, E. and Gustafsson, L. (2013). Australian Productivity Growth: Trends and Determinants.Australian Economic Review, 46(4), pp.473-482. Donnelley, L. (2010).International capital movements. Providence. Foster, J. (2015). The Australian Multi-Factor Productivity Growth Illusion.Australian Economic Review, 48(1), pp.33-42. Freebairn, J. (2007).Recent Australian economic growth. Canberra: Australian National University, Centre for Economic Policy Research. Jonson, P. (2015). Monetary Policy and Macroprudential Policies.Australian Economic Review, 48(2), pp.190-191. Kuo, K., Lee, C. and Fang, C. (2014). Free Trade and Economic Growth.Australian Economic Papers, 53(1-2), pp.69-76. Pervaiz, Z. and Chaudhary, A. (2015). Social Cohesion and Economic Growth: An Empirical Investigation.Australian Economic Review, 48(4), pp.369-381. Reserve Bank of Australia. (2016).Monetary Policy. [online] Available at: https://www.rba.gov.au/ [Accessed Sep. 2016]. Scutt, D. (2016).Australian economic growth is roaring. [online] Businessinsider.com.au. Available at: https://www.businessinsider.com.au/australia-q1-gdp-report-2016-6 [Accessed Sep. 2016]. Smales, L. (2015). RBA Monetary Policy Communication: The Response of Australian Interest Rate Futures to Changes in RBA Monetary Policy.SSRN Electronic Journal. Treasury.gov.au. (2016).Treasury Home Page | The Treasury. [online] Available at: https://www.treasury.gov.au/ [Accessed Sep. 2016].

Management Process and Organizational Behaviour free essay sample

A vision is the preferred future, a desirable state, and ideal state. It is an expression of optimism. A vision is a general statement encompassing the direction an agency wants to take and the desired end result once it gets there. It is the vision of what those involved what their organization to become. A mission is more focused on the specifics of what an organization is to accomplish. It differs from a vision in that it focuses on function, is accomplishable and measurable, and is often statutorily or bureaucratically established. The mission statement is a statement of an organizations basic purposes, often in terms of broad outcomes that it is committed to achieving or the major function it carries out. A mission can also be the reason an agency exists. When staffs meet to write a mission statement, they may ask Why are we here? What do we want to do? When a legislature creates an agency, it almost always states its purpose, function, or mission. We will write a custom essay sample on Management Process and Organizational Behaviour or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Steps to promoting the vision of an organization: 1. Educate staff about what a vision is and why it is important. 2. Develop a process to involve all staff in creating the vision. 3. Ask for specific input from the various groups within the organization. 4. Hold a planning session or retreat to gather input and shape the vision statement. 5. The leader should share information, lead the process, and shape the vision statement. 6. Draft the vision statement. 7. Communicate and reinforce the vision to staff. Mission Statement A mission statement defines what an organization is, why it exists, its reason for being. At a minimum, your mission statement should define who your primary customers are, identify the products and services you produce, and describe the geographical location in which you operate. If you dont have a mission statement, create one by writing down in one sentence what the purpose of your business is. Ask two or three of the key people in your company to do the same thing. Then discuss the statements and come up with one sentence everyone agrees with. Once you have finalized your mission statement, communicate it to everyone in the company. Its more important to communicate the mission statement to employees than to customers. Your mission statement doesnt have to be clever or catchyjust accurate. If you already have a mission statement, you will need to periodically review and possibly revise it to make sure it accurately reflects your goals as your company and the business and economic climates evolve. To do this, simply ask yourself if the statement still correctly describes what youre doing. The mission statement reflects every facet of your business: the range and nature of the products you offer, pricing, quality, service, marketplace position, growth potential, use of technology, and your relationships with your customers, employees, suppliers, competitors and the community. Q2. (a) Planning Definition of planning : According otkoontz and O’donnell,† Planning is deciding in advance What to do , how to do it, when to do it, and who is to do it. † Characteristics of planning 1 Planning focuses on achieving the objectives: Management begins with planning and planning begins with the determining of objectives. In the absence of objectives no organization can ever be thought about. 2 Planning is the primary function of Management: Planning is the first important function of management. The other functions –organising, staffing, directing and controlling come later. In the absence of planning no other function of management can be performed. planning is continuous: Planning is the process which begins with the beginning of business itself and ends with the ending of the business. It means that as long a business exists, the planning process is continuous. 4. Planning is Futuristic: Planning decides the plan of action-What is to be done, how is to be done, when is to be done, by who is to be done, all the questions are related to future. Under the planning, answer to these questiona is found out. While an effort is made to find out these answer. 5. Planning is mental exercise: planning is known as a mental exercise as it is related to thinking before doing something. A planner has mainly to think about the following questions: (1) What to do? , (2) how to do it? , (3)When to do it? , (4) Who is to do it? Q2. (b) Importance of planning Planning is the first and most important function of the management. It is needed at every level of the management. In the absence of planning all the business activities of the organization will become meaningless. The importance of planning has increased all the more in view of the increasing size of organizations In the absence of planning, it may not be impossible but certainly difficult to guess the uncertain events of future. Planning facilitates Decision making: Decision making means the process of taking decision. Under it, a variety of alternatives are discovered and the best alternative is chosen. But it is important to determine the objectives before the discovery of alternatives. Objectives are determined under the process of planning. So. it can be said that planning facilitates decision making. 2 Plann ing reduce risk of Uncertainty: planning is always done for future and future is uncertain. With the help of planning possible changes in future are anticipated and various activities are planned in the best possible way. 3. Planning reduces overlapping and wasteful activities: Under planning, future activities are planned in order to achieve objectives. the problems of when, where ,what and almost decided. This puts an end to disorder. In such situation coordination is established among different activities and departments. It puts an end ot overlapping and wasteful activities. 4. Planning provides Direction: Under the process of planning the objectives of the organization are defined in simple and clear words. The outcome of this is that all the employee’s important role in the attainment of the objectives of the organization. . Planning establishes Standards for controlling: By determining the objectives the objectives of the organisation through planning all the people working in the organization and all the departments are informed about when, what and how to do things. Standards are laid down about their work, time and cost. Under controlling ,at the time of completing the work,the actual wo rk done is compared with the standard work and deviations are found out and if the work has been done as desired the person concerned is held responsible. Q3. (a) Leading Means Inspiring A manager should strive to become an inspiration to the rest of the employees. Employees will follow a manager because the manager is the boss. However, a manager that is an inspiration means that employees follow that person because they believe in what the manager is doing and they are trying to help the company achieve its goals. Finding ways to inspire employees means coaching them and motivating them to succeed as integral parts of the company. Leading Affects Morale The way a manager leads greatly affects employee morale within the department and company as a whole. Managers should create a climate that encourages new ideas and employee input. The more the employees feel that they have a say in the company, the more they will be willing to share ideas and attempt to find better ways to improve processes. For example, a good manager may reward employees with monetary or benefit incentives if they can increase output of a product. Another idea is a treasure box of goodies. Managers can set a goal early in the week and employees who meet the goal by the end of the week are allowed to take a prize from the treasure box. Leading is Key to Effective Communication For a manager to be an effective leader, he or she must also be an effective communicator. A manager that shares information and lets employees know the latest news in the company is someone that is deemed trustworthy by his or her employees. Employees feel little loyalty or trust towards a manager who does not readily give out information. Leading Effectively Contributes More to the Bottom Line An effective leader inspires employees, which allows those employees to feel like they are making a meaningful contribution to the company. Satisfied employees generally work harder and take more ownership in their job positions. This can mean happy customers and a higher level of customer service. Great leaders in an organization affect the employees they supervise, but they also inspire those in other parts of the company. Effective leadership is infectious and should be spread to as many areas of the organization as possible; doing this will result in a highly-coordinated effort to please both customers and employees. Q3. (b) characteristics of leading Here are my main top 10 leadership characteristics that can make you a better leader †¢Treat others the same way you expect to be treated – think about thers; care about others. This is an extremely simple concept but one that expects you to get off your throne and come down to earth. It goes both ways – if you expect your boss to communicate to you about things, then you need to do the same to your staff †¢Leadership by Example – this is huge! This is something I constantly remind myself about. If you expect others to follow y ou then you need to show that you are not only competent but are willing to â€Å"roll your sleeves up and get dirty†. †¢Do not micro manage – entrust your team with responsibility. You hired them because you felt they were competent to get the job done – so let them do it. If you are not willing to replace an employee then the problem is probably you! †¢Recognize and reward – very important. In today’s tough economy you might have to get creative here. Financial rewards can come in many sizes and forms; if your company will allow financial rewards to be issued then these are great when people achieve some significant accomplishment that greatly benefits the company †¢Continuously look for areas to improve yourself – great leaders will never feel comfortable with themselves nor believe they are great. Instead they will continuously evaluate what their weaknesses are and where they could improve. Being honest with your self-evaluation is the only way to improve in this area. This can be a significant ability to improve one’s self, if you can handle being brutally honest. †¢ Don’t get comfortable – a lot of people do things well and then get comfortable thinking everything is good. But life and business is very dynamic and constantly changing, therefore you need to constantly develop and adjust to the changes around you. For instance in software development I’ll define and implement a great methodology in one environment and years later when I move on to another career opportunity I find the environment there is different and I have to modify my methodology †¢Continued Professional Development – the best leaders and best workers are ones that continuously look to develop themselves. This item comes in two forms – developing yourself and developing your staff. †¢Don’t be afraid to confront problems and deal with issues – this is huge! I find a lot of leaders are afraid to deal with confrontation. No one likes dealing with problems but this is one of your job responsibilities as a leader. I see a lot of leaders don’t want to deal with issues and they think if they ignore it the issue will go away. †¢Surround yourself with other great people – greatness breeds greatness. †¢Know your people – most great leaders are known for connecting with their people. If you don’t have a â€Å"real† relationship with your staff then they will not truly follow you, which will ultimately limit your abilities to be successful. Get off your throne and get into the trenches with your people Q4. (a) Organisation Behaviour (OB) Through its research, teaching, and course development, the Organizational Behavior Unit creates and disseminates knowledge that advances the understanding of how to lead and manage with the aim of increasing personal and organizational effectiveness. Although specific research interests span a wide range of subjects, the faculty share a problem driven, interdisciplinary, multi method approach that has led to significant impact on theory and practice. Our current intellectual agenda builds on the rich history of OB at HBS and focuses squarely on the organizational changes and challenges arising from todays increasingly global and more competitive economy. In the last decade, the faculty have been recognized for their work on leadership in an increasingly diverse and dynamic environment, the evolution of managerial careers in our society, managing diversity, and organizational design and change to meet evolving needs and expectations in a changing world. Organizational studies encompass the study of organizations from multiple viewpoints, methods, and levels of analysis. For instance, one textbook[2] divides these multiple viewpoints into three perspectives: modern, symbolic, and postmodern. Another traditional distinction, present especially in American academia, is between the study of micro organizational behaviour — which refers to individual and group dynamics in an organizational setting — and macro strategic management and organizational theory which studies whole organizations and industries, how they adapt, and the strategies, structures and contingencies that guide them. To this distinction, some scholars have added an interest in meso scale structures power, culture, and the networks of individuals and i. e. ronit units in organizations — and field level analysis which study how whole populations of organizations interact. Q4. (b) Limitations of OB †¢OB is not a remedy for the removal of conflict and frustration but can only reduce them. †¢It is only one of the many systems operating within a large social system. †¢There is a great danger of OB when in the hands of people who lack system understanding. They tend to look only at the behavioral basis, which gives them a narrow view point. This tunnel vision often leads to satisfying employee experiences while overlooking the broader system of an organization in relation to all its public. †¢The law of diminishing returns also operates in the case of organizational behavior (the law states that at some point increase of a desirable practice produces declining returns and sometimes negative returns when that point is exceeded). For example, too much of freedom and security could lead to less employee initiative and growth after reaching a level and to complacency after that †¢The ethical standards of those in charge and those who use OB techniques are a great concern. Its knowledge and techniques could be used to manipulate people without regard for human welfare. People who lack ethical values could use people in unethical ways. Q5. (a) Emotional Intelligence Emotional intelligence (EQ) is the ability to identify, use, understand, and manage emotions in positive ways to relieve stress, communicate effectively, empathize with others, overcome challenges, and defuse conflict. Emotional intelligence impacts many different aspects of your daily life, such as the way you behave and the way you interact with others. If you have high emotional intelligence you are able to recognize your own emotional state and the emotional states of others, and engage with people in a way that draws them to you. You can use this understanding of emotions to relate better to other people, form healthier relationships, achieve greater success at work, and lead a more fulfilling life. Q5. (b) Impact of Emotional Intelligence on Managers EI and the Manager So why does Manager need an understanding of Emotional Intelligence as well as the ability to track schedules and budgets? Managers need to be able to do the following: †¢Operate in complex matrix environments – Project Managers need to influence, negotiate, and collaborate with other departments and teams for resources and to understand project dependencies. The ability to build relationships and understand how to get the best from others is a critical skill that a Project Manager needs to be effective in a matrix environment. †¢Build effective teams People are key to the success of any project, and Project Managers rarely have direct ‘control’ over the staff with which they are expected to complete the project. They need to be able to motivate staff, build teams from disparate sources, and manage conflict, all skills that require the ability to understand people and their particular wants and needs. †¢Manage change – By their very nature, projects cause change. Building a technical solution is only one component of a project; understanding and managing the impact of that technical solution on a user population, and the effect of that change, is a critical skill for a Project Manager. †¢Provide leadership – Project Managers need to provide leadership to the people on the project, the stakeholders, and other groups with which they interact. As well as the ability to make decisions based on well thought out analysis of the situation, the ability to make decisions based on the understanding of the impact on people is also an important leadership aspect. †¢Deliver results The complexity of the environment and the degree to which collaboration needs to be successful is unprecedented, and simply being able to track a project plan is unlikely to be enough to allow a Project Manager to be successful. Understanding one’s own emotions, the emotions of others, and how those can be most effectively managed can have a dramatic effect on a Project Manager’s ability to deliver results. Q6. Here are some tips to handling team and winning them over to work and a winning attitude: Dont play favourites: This is one of the most frustrating prejudices that most team members face a boss who plays the favouritism game. Some members of the team can apparently do no wrong and others no matter what they do are never right. Fighting the prejudices of such a boss is usually an impossible situation for team members and highly de-motivating. Team dynamics will suffer if certain individuals always get preferential treatment. As a team manager you need to insure you have no favourites. Personal likes and dislikes must be kept out of the purview of daily work. You are bound to lose a lot of good employees if you play this game. Give credit where due: As an effective manager always acknowledge the good work done by an employee and be sure to give credit to the person directly responsible for the work. At a senior level you may interact only with managers, but when you are really pleased with some work done, be sure you include the juniors who were involved with implementation, in your accolades. A quick email or few words of praise will go a long way in boosting the morale of employees and establishing you as a boss who appreciates employees for their hardwork. (Also read: Motivation is the key) Let employees make mistakes: Give your team members the freedom to take their own decisions and manage things. Never be afraid to give responsibility to your team only when you repose confidence in their abilities will they be encouraged to meet your expectations and push themselves to greater heights. Of course your guidance and support is important and you need to be there to help them learn from their mistakes in case things dont work out. Network effectively: As a team manager you need to be aware of your teams strengths and weaknesses and be sure to highlight individual strenghts to your own seniors. You need to insure that your supervisors are informed and kept aware of the teams progress and achievements as also any problem areas the team per se may be facing. Read: 5 networking tips for introverts )This projects you as a capable leader in the eyes of the team, as they can be assured that with you as the leader they would be taken care of and need only focus on giving their best at work. Set processes: Once you have a motivated team ready to give their best, make sure processes are as streamlined as possible for smooth functioning and the team is given a certain standard to maintain. As a good manager you should view things at a strategic level and find ways to improve proc esses and procedures so that your team can perform more efficiently. Align team goals with organisational goals: Finally as an effective team manager it is important for you to give the right direction to your team and be sure that your team goals are aligned with company goals. Example, if the company is in cost-cutting mode, be sure your team is implementing this in all possible ways. It is important for you to have a team consensus on all organisational issues and if you have effectively managed the earlier five steps, you will have a team who is willing to co-operate and be led by you.

Free Essays on Life Of Elizabeth Barrett Browning

The main ideas of Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s poetic works changed constantly during her life, due to significant events occuring Spirituality was the main focus of Barrett’s writing from 1838 until 1844. Poetry became such a large part of her life due to a spinal injury in 1821 which left her relying on opium for a long period of time. As well as the ill-manners of her health, Barrett experienced the tragic death of her brother due to drowning in the year of 1838. These significant events left Barrett in a state of emotional turmoil. She found herself unable to live in the world of reality. For four years, she seperated herself from reality by locking herself in a bedroom. During this time, the only persons she conversed with was her family and one or two close friends. It was during this period that poetry became such a signifacant part of Barrett’s life. She began to write about Jesus, Angels, and other significant biblical characters. In the poem The Seraphim, two angels stand outside the Garden of Eden. It is there they describe and praise God for his awesome splendor and majesty. â€Å"Of earth, the God-created and God praised In hour of birth Where everynight the moon in light Doth lead waters silver faced? Where every day the sun doth lay A rapture to the heart of all The leafy and reeded pastoral, As if the joyous shout which burst From angel lips to see him first, Had left a silent echo in his ray?† (The Seraphim, 1838) The poem is a deep reflection of what Barrett feels inside at this time in her life. She is depressed, lonely and full of agony because of all the aweful things which are happening, so she turns to spirituality. She looks to God for renewal and strength, expressing his awesomeness in her poems, as she does here when describing the Holy God. Another poem written during the time of despair is titled The Virgin Mary to the Child Jesus. The poem is a... Free Essays on Life Of Elizabeth Barrett Browning Free Essays on Life Of Elizabeth Barrett Browning The main ideas of Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s poetic works changed constantly during her life, due to significant events occuring Spirituality was the main focus of Barrett’s writing from 1838 until 1844. Poetry became such a large part of her life due to a spinal injury in 1821 which left her relying on opium for a long period of time. As well as the ill-manners of her health, Barrett experienced the tragic death of her brother due to drowning in the year of 1838. These significant events left Barrett in a state of emotional turmoil. She found herself unable to live in the world of reality. For four years, she seperated herself from reality by locking herself in a bedroom. During this time, the only persons she conversed with was her family and one or two close friends. It was during this period that poetry became such a signifacant part of Barrett’s life. She began to write about Jesus, Angels, and other significant biblical characters. In the poem The Seraphim, two angels stand outside the Garden of Eden. It is there they describe and praise God for his awesome splendor and majesty. â€Å"Of earth, the God-created and God praised In hour of birth Where everynight the moon in light Doth lead waters silver faced? Where every day the sun doth lay A rapture to the heart of all The leafy and reeded pastoral, As if the joyous shout which burst From angel lips to see him first, Had left a silent echo in his ray?† (The Seraphim, 1838) The poem is a deep reflection of what Barrett feels inside at this time in her life. She is depressed, lonely and full of agony because of all the aweful things which are happening, so she turns to spirituality. She looks to God for renewal and strength, expressing his awesomeness in her poems, as she does here when describing the Holy God. Another poem written during the time of despair is titled The Virgin Mary to the Child Jesus. The poem is a...

Police Discretion Position Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Police Discretion Position Paper - Essay Example Several myths, such as an inevitable abuse of power, are unsupported by the research. The main causes of police discretion are offender variables, situational variables, and systemic variables. The exercise of police discretion arises in many situations, such as domestic violence and juvenile delinquency, and can often lead to positive resolutions. Discretion is a valuable part of police work. The issue of police discretion, while a seemingly natural aspect of the duties of a law enforcement officer, is a topic which generates much debate. Historically, the concept of police discretion was thought to be associated with police corruption and with an "extralegal" use of police power (O'Connor, 2005: np). Indeed, the recognition of police discretion as a legitimate aspect of police duties was not formally recognized until 1956 when it was formally identified and discussed by an American Bar Association study. This revelation, that the police did in fact use discretion in the course of their duties, generated a substantial amount of controversy: "When it was finally exposed, people like the American Friends Service Committee (1971) called for its abolishment, and police administrators sought a clampdown on discretion (administrative rulemaking)" (O'Connor, 2005: np). In the beginning, though police discretion was an integral part of daily police work, it was viewed with suspi cion. A more modern view posits that police discretion is a valuable and necessary part of police work. To this end, calls for the elimination of police discretion have been replaced by proposals to more carefully define when and how police officers should use discretion. This modern view operates on the assumption that police work is often complex, that situations are rarely neat and simple, and that discretion results in better police work than a mechanistic application of the law. As noted by a National Institute of Justice Research Report, "Each tactical choice by the police, each citizen's response, counter responses by each, and changes in other variables in the context (for instance, intervention of strangers) create a fluid, ever-changing encounter" (1997: pg.35). This essay will define what is meant by "police discretion", a number of common myths associated with the concept, and the real-life sources of the need for police discretion. The essay will then present ten practical illustrations of police discretion in operation in order to compare situations in which discretion is used appropriately and situations in which discretion very well might be abused. Police Discretion: Definitions, Myths, and Sources Discretion means many things and encompasses a tremendous variety of different situations. From a theoretical point of view, it has been referred to as the making of decisions where the law is not clear, where the police officer has alternative courses of action, and where a cost-benefit analysis cautions against the rigid application of the law. Some scholars have defined police discretion as judgments made within the realm of a "regulated autonomy" (De Lint, 1998: pg. 2) and others have characterized discretion as a police officer's role as a public servant whom is sworn to balance the intent of the law against the interests of

Second Amendment to Reduce Gun Violence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Second Amendment to Reduce Gun Violence - Essay Example This means that although this right is regulated, people still have a right to have a gun. Policies at the federal, local and state levels have attempted to address gun violence through a variety of ways, including restricting firearm purchases by youths, setting waiting periods for firearm purchases, enforcing of laws and community policing strategies, strict penalties for gun law offenders, education programs on gun safety for parents and children and community-outreach programs. Federal legislation also aims to prevent the sale of weapons deliberately to criminals domestically and people involved in uprisings abroad through prohibition of ATF. The legislation also prevents the local law enforcement from accessing digital databases for identification purposes of weaponry sale places for weapons recovered at the scenes of crime. The second amendment should not be revised since it protects the people from despotism from their own government or invasion. The amendment removes the powe r of the government to regulate firearms and also prevents the president or whoever is in charge of authority from restricting the freedom of the people of the United States in case a martial law was declared. The second amendment also emphasizes that citizens have to possess enough arms and ammunitions in order to maintain a status of independence from any authority that might attempt to abuse them including their own government. The second amendment gives private citizens the right to have knives, swords, pistols, rifles or anything else they want to defend themselves from others or the government. The second amendment does not have the constitutional authority to work against the wants of... Second Amendment to Reduce Gun Violence Gun violence is one of the leading causes of premature deaths in the United States because young victims are usually involved. Gun violence in the United States is highly extraordinary, and the homicide rate in the country is seven times higher than the combined homicide rate of 22 other high-income countries. There is a high prevalence of gun ownership in the country and less restrictive gun laws that are crucial contributions to the rates of violence as a result of crime in America compared to other countries with the same revenue levels with it. The American government is caught up in the firearm issue. Millions of American citizens own guns and use them responsibly but a few thousand gun owners on a yearly basis do not. There are huge economic costs associated with gun violence in the U.S because violent crime reduces tax revenues that local governments require to cater for the broad range of citizen needs. In order to reduce gun violence without revising the second amendment, new legislation and regulations that preserve the basic freedoms contained in the Bill of Rights must be made. The legislation must hold the view point that the privilege to possess weapons is only for life, property and liberty protection than any other selfish means. To be even, technology should be adapted to improve response times and stop intruders of any kind since regulating firearms alone cannot keep schools, streets and the public safe.

British Airways Organisational Planning

British Airways Organisational Planning Introduction The purpose of this report is to identify different types of planning that organisations use in order to achieve there objectives and goals. This report will also evaluate the purposes and benefits of formal planning in relation to the chosen organisation, British Airways. Organisations set goals as a way of expressing what they would hope the business to achieve in the future. A goal can be best described as A desired state of affairs which an organisation attempts to realise. (Etzioni 1964, p 6). Mission planning is similar to that of setting goals but these aims are somewhat vaguer and are usually on a more global level (Barney and Griffin, 1992). Goals and mission statements along with effective decision making are essential tools that organisations can use to plan what the direction the company will follow in order to exploit its maximum potential and ensure success. This main part of this report will look at the different types of plans that organisations may use. It will also highlight the types of information that may be sought by organisations, such as British Airways, and the ways in which that information could be gathered to inform planning. British Airways The chosen company for the purpose of this assignment is the airline and holiday company, British Airways. British Airways is a Public Limited Company. The current name and structure was established in 1976, although previous ventures date back to 1910. It is the UKs largest international scheduled airline. The British Airways group consists of British Airways Plc and a number of subsidiary companies, for example British Airways Holidays Ltd. The company are affected by three main environmental factors these are: Minimising Carbon Emissions and noise pollution. Competition from budget airlines. Increasing safety procedures for passengers These environmental factors have been incorporated into the mission statement of B.A which is Our vision is to become the worlds most responsible and safe airline and not only to be seen as just a UK carrier, but a global airline that is based in Britain (Chief Executive, British Airways Annual Report 2007/2008). Also within the annual report, B.A has set out three main goals that they hope to achieve within a three year time scale. These are: To be established within Terminal 5, at London Heathrow. To order new aircraft for their fleet. To be the employer of choice within the airline market. Purpose and Potential Benefits of Formal Planning. While some organisations use informal planning (usually smaller companies), it is for the most part, formal planning that is used. The purpose of formal planning in organisations is to give clear guidelines of what a company hopes to achieve and to provide direction and a timescale for these achievements to be accomplished. Plans also give a purpose to the people within in organisations (i.e. management and employees) as they provide what is expected from those involved and give them targets to work towards. Effective planning can help the organisation run smoothly as they provide a step by step approach to what needs to be done. Planning in organisations is normally done at management level and according to Henri Fayol (1916) it is one of 5 major functions that management should undertake. According to Boddy there are four main benefits of planning (2005). These are; plans can clarify direction, motivate people, help use resources efficiently and provide a way to measure progress. However planning has many more benefits such as it allows managers within organisations to establish where the organisation is at, at any given time. Plans also promote teamwork within managers and employees as the plan may specify that certain groups of people are required to work on a task, when in the absence of a plan those people might have undertaken tasks individually, this will also see that targets and goals are met quicker. These benefits of planning will only be evident if it is carried out correctly. If plans are not properly drawn up or implemented they have the effect of wasting time and resources, it can also lead to the lack of staff motivation. It is therefore essential that plans are thought over carefully and that those making them understand that they must be achievable and realistic. With reference to the British Airways, it can been seen that planning is essential in relation to them achieving there goals. For example BA have just released their plans for the next 3 years entitled BP11 (BA annual report, 2007/2008). This 3 year plan sets out what they are aiming to achieve and how they want to achieve it. It is important for BA to draw up planning reports so that shareholders and staff understand what is expected to happen both in the short term and the long term. Types of Plans. There are many different types of planning that organisations can use. For the purpose of this report three different types of planning that may be beneficial to British Airways will be discussed. Business Plan This is a document that sets out what markets the business intends to operate in, how it will do so and what finance they require (Blackwell, 2004). These plans are mainly used to provide information for shareholders and to generate interest from investors who may be willing to help fund a project set out in the plan. This is shown in British Airways business plan, it states that they want to expand their fleet of aircraft subject to raising the appropriate finances. Issuing this as a plan may attract people who want to invest or increase their shareholders as shows that the airline is going to expand. Business plans can also be used in an organisation for internal purposes. For example lower level management may need to get financial support from more senior levels and will need to provide a business plan to show what they intend to do with any given funds. Strategic Plan These are plans for the whole organisation not just individual departments. A strategic plan can be described as determining the basic long term goals and objectives of an enterprise and the adoption of courses of action and the allocation of resources for carrying out these goals (Chandler, 1962). This basically means the organisation will identify where it wants to be and which route it must take in order to get there. The basis for British Airways strategic plan can be seen in their mission statement. The statement illustrates where the airline wants to end up and what they have to achieve in order to meet these goals. Specific Plan This type of plan is exactly what is says, specific. They are concise, and to the point, because of this they are easy to follow and they leave little room for error. An example of a specific plan can be seen when referring to BA. They have a plan to cut their carbon emissions by 7% by 2011 (annual report, 2007/2008). This plan is short and simple and would be easy for the whole company and its shareholders to understand. Specific plans will not work in situations where the future is unpredictable due to their lack of flexibility (Boddy, 2005 p 170). Information Required and How to Gather it. In order for organisations to create plans they need to gather information. The information must of the right kind if it is to be used in planning to ensure efficiency as wrong information will be costly to rectify. Information can be gathered from a number of sources by using informal or formal analysis. The main types of information that will be sought by BA would be information about their competitors and information about customers. This is because British Airways aim to be the airline of choice (annual report 2007/2008) so information regarding the customers thoughts of aspects such as service are vital. BAs main threat come from competitors so they would want information on them in order to see what they are offering that might steal custom. British Airways gather their information using a formal analysis approach. The types of formal analyses they will use are Industry surveys, Market research (by way of questionnaires provided on their flights and on their web-site), the SWOT analysis model (see appendix 1) and the PESTEL analysis model (see appendix 2). Conclusion To conclude this report, it can be seen that planning is a must for any organisation. If applied correctly, planning can inevitable help the organisation fulfil its mission and goals in a smooth and efficient manner. The type of plan to use will depend highly on the organisation and what it wants to achieve, although most organisations such as British Airways will use a variety of planning types. Gathering useful and relevant information is paramount to effective and precise planning as if the information is not of the right kind or incorrect plans will be made on the wrong basis which may be detrimental to the organisation in the future. References Barney, J B and R W Griffin., 1992. The Management of Organisations: Strategy, Structure and Behaviour. In: D, Rollinson, eds, Organisational Behaviour. Essex, England. Prentice Hall, p 432. Blackwell, E., 2004. How to Prepare a Business Plan. (4th Edition). London, Kogan Page. Boddy, D., 2005. Management an Introduction. Essex, England. Pearson Education, p 170. Chandler, A.D. 1962. Strategy and Structure. In: D, Boddy. Management an Introduction. Essex, England. Pearson Education, p 169. Etzioni, A., 1964. Modern Organisations. In: D, Rollinson, eds, Organisational Behaviour. Essex, England. Prentice Hall, p 431. Fayol, H., 1916. General and Industrial Management. In: D, Rollinson, eds, Organisational Behaviour. Essex, England. Prentice Hall, p 512. Willie Walsh,CEO, British Airways Annual Report 2007/2008